Napoleonen martxa, prentsako albiste-tituluetan: fake news kasu bitxia
Akaso irakurriko zenuten istorioa, nola egunkari bateko titulu edo lerroburuetan, apenas 10 urrats edo 20 egunetan, Napoleon antropofago eta tirano bat izatetik, enperadore maitatu eta loriatsua izatera igaro zela. Joseba Sarrionandiak jaso zuen kontua, adibidez, Ni ez naiz hemengoa saiakera liburuan, Kazetaritza epigrafearen azpian. Kazetariek 21. mende honetan ere tarteka errepikatzen dute kontua (hemen euskarazko adibide bat Berrian, 2017. urtekoa). Botereak bultzatutako iritzi aldaketen eta kazetaritza kaskarraren adibide gisa aurkeztu ohi zaigu historia, baina egiazki, horren adibide barik, fake news edo albiste asmatuen alorrekoa da, Alexandre Dumas idazlearen asmakuntza bat izan zen.
Zera da kontua. Napoleonek 1814an amaitu zuen bere agintaldia lehen aldiz, eta desterrura bidali zuten, Elba uhartera. Baina 1815eko martxoan, bere aldeko matxino batzuetatik, Elbatik irten eta Frantziara iritsi zen, Cape Jean-eko itsasertzetik bi asteko martxa batean Parisera garaile sartu zen arte. Ehun Egunen hasiera izan zen, beste agintaldi azkar bat, zeina Waterlooko guduan amaitu zen, Napoleonen azken derrotarekin oraingoan (Santa Helenara desterratu zuten, eta handik ez zen jada bizirik irten).
Kontua da Elbatik Pariserako bide hori, horrela deskribatu omen zuela Le Moniteur Universel egunkariak, egunez eguneko aurrerapenen berri ematean titulu hauek idatziz (Sarrionandiaren bertsiokoak dira hauek):
- Martxoak 10: “Korsikar ogroak Cape Jean aldean desenbarkatu du”.
- Martxoak 11: “Tigrea Gap aldean agertu da. Harmadak haruntz doaz bazter guzietatik, haren abiada gelarazteko. Bere abentura miserablea delinkuenteenaren gisan amaituko da mendietan”.
- Martxoak 12: “Monstruoa Grenoble hiriraino sartu da”.
- Martxoak 13: “Tiranoa Grenoble eta Lyon aldean orain. Bera agertu denez geroztik izuturik dago jende guzia”.
- Martxoak 18: “Usurpadorea hiriburutik hirurogei orduko ibilaldira dagoen punturaino hurbiltzen ausartu da”.
- Martxoak 19: “Bonaparte ibilera arinez hurbiltzen da, baina inposiblea zaio Parisera sartzea”.
- Martxoak 20: “Napoleon bihar iritsiko da Pariseko harresietara”.
- Martxoak 21: “Napoleon Enperadorea Fontainebleaun dago”.
- Martxoak 22: “Atzo arratsaldean Bere Maiestate Enperadoreak sarrera publikoa egin zuen Tullerietan. Ezerk ere ezin lezake bozkario unibertsal hau gainditu”.
Baina hara zer diren kontua, kontsulta dezakezue Frantziako Liburutegi Nazionalean, 1815 urteko Moniteur ale digitalizatuak, eta ikusiko duzue halakorik ez dagoela inon. Izatez, egunerokoaren jarraipena egiten zuen egunkaria baizik, ohar ofizialen buletin bat zen Le Moniteur, ohikoan zenbait egun lehenagoko agirien biltegia.
Eta orduan, nondik frantsesez, euskaraz eta beste hainbat hizkuntzatan agertutako titulu hauen istorioa? Ba Alexandre Dumasen txantxa bat edo izango zen, 1841ean argitaratu zuen liburu batean sartutako ziri bat, hoax bat, fake news adibide bat... Erreportaia honek (Big Think agerkarikoak) azaltzen du kontua, eta euskarazko Wikipedian ere jasoa dago.
Eta hemen, Dumasek idatzitakoa, sarean aurki daitekeen liburu hartatik hartua:
Ez sinetsi beti egunkariek dakartena, baina idazle ospetsu baten kontakizunekin ere adi gero.
Artikuluko irudia Big Think-eko artikulu horretakoa da, Napoleonen martxa kostatik Parisera (benetakoa gehienbat, zehaztu gabeko puntu batzuekin), eta ustez puntu bakoitzean Moniteurrek emandako albiste-tituluak (ingelesez, gezurrezkoak).
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